1. Material Standards & Grades

Primary Standards:

• ASTM B49 - Hot-Rolled Copper Rods

• EN 12163 - Copper and copper alloys - Rod for general purposes

• JIS H3250 - Copper and copper alloy rods and bars

• GB/T 4423 - Copper and copper alloy rods

Common Copper Grades:

2. Chemical Composition (% by weight)

3. Mechanical Properties

4. Physical Properties

5. Product Specifications

6. Manufacturing Processes

Production Methods:

• Continuous Casting and Rolling (CCR): For electrical grade rods

• Extrusion: For large diameters and special alloys

• Hot Rolling: For general purpose rods

• Cold Drawing: For precision dimensions and smooth surface

Process Characteristics:

• CCR rod diameter: 8mm, 12mm, 20mm (standard)

• Surface finish: As-cast, pickled, turned, or polished

• Tolerance levels: Commercial, precision, special precision

7. Surface Quality & Finish

Surface Conditions:

8. Testing & Inspection

Standard Tests:

• Tensile test (ASTM E8)

• Hardness test (ASTM E18)

• Electrical conductivity test (ASTM B193)

• Chemical analysis (Spectrometer)

• Dimensional inspection

• Surface quality inspection

• Bend test (for specific applications)

Optional Tests:

• Grain size measurement

• Hydrogen embrittlement test

• Stress relaxation test

• Non-destructive testing

• Third-party inspection

9. Applications

Electrical Applications:

• Electrical bus bars and conductors

• Transformer windings

• Power transmission components

• Electrical connectors

• Circuit breaker parts

Machining Applications:

• CNC machining parts

• Fasteners and fittings

• Valve components

• Bearings and bushings

• Decorative hardware

Special Applications:

• Welding electrodes

• Grounding rods

• Heat exchanger components

• Architectural elements

• Artistic sculptures